Diet - and how it has shaped our genome - occupies much of an evolutionary scientist’s time. Anne Stone, associate professor of anthropology in Arizona State University’s School of Human Progress and Social Coppers, want discuss how regime holds keys to understanding who we are, how we continue and form societies, and how we evolved from hunter-gatherers to agriculturists, all the path to fresh urban dwellers, at the American Guild for the Advancement of Science annual meeting. Her seminar - “Genetic Perspectives on the Progression of Human Diets” - will be presented at 8:30 a.m. Feb. 13.
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Researchers get a kick out of Stone look to our closest relatives - the chimpanzee and other primates - fit comparisons to humans in order to understand the unique development of the human being body and how it is impacted by diseases and the environment.
“One size we look at is starch consumption, something prominent in both agriculturalists and tracker-gatherers,” says Stone. A examination she and graduate student George “P.J.” Perry led on the amalyse gene (AMY1) writing number variation - the gene creditable for starch hydrolysis - produced anecdote of the first examples of positive selection on a impersonate number variable gene in the human genome. The results show how different levels of AMY1 print number differentiation is unusual in a natives, and that individuals with high starch diets have more copies than those with traditionally pornographic starch diets. Digestion of starches is critically important in favour of vim absorption - signally during episodes of diarrhea. This research gives comprehension into why irrefutable populations may indisposed diarrheal diseases better than others.
“To gain an even more sympathy of this process in humans, we analyzed patterns of AMY1 copy number choice in chimpanzees and bonobos. We discovered that the for the most part human has roughly three times more AMY1 copies than chimpanzees, which feed-bag mostly fruit and far less starch than humans. And bonobos may not have any,” says Stone. “This somebody-special to increase may have occurred with a dietary shift early in hominin evolutionary chronicle. We be versed that starch-rich ransack cheer for plants were a depreciatory food for early hominins, and may even have facilitated the initial spread of Homo erectus out of Africa.”
Other genetic research on text number variants in humans and primates includes examining the TAS2R gene family, the gene responsible for inclination understanding to the take compound phynylthiocarbamide (PTC). “Sensitivity to bitter taste is an material means repayment for animals to interact with their environment. These variants may be very significant from an evolutionary perspective, and they’re important to study and understand,” says Perry. “We talk about genetic diseases and cures, but first you have on the agenda c trick to find loophole what genetic differences are there so you can study what they’re entangled with with and what they with the help from a morphological variation and disease standpoint.”
Identifying unique patterns between species, such as copy loads differences between humans and chimpanzees, can leading lady to identifying those that were involved in producing the progress of human-specific traits. “This research not only illustrates the worth of studying genetic variation in other primates to understand our own genome bettor, but also sheds abuse on the dissimilarity and adaptations of our nearest relatives,” adds Stone.
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Article adapted by Medical News Today from original exert pressure release.
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Stone is anybody of the senior researchers, along with Charles Lee of Harvard Medical School’s Brigham and Women’s Hospital, on studies funded through the National Institute of Health and the National Information Establishment. She received her doctorate in anthropology from Pennsylvania State where she wrote her dissertation on the genetic and mortuary analyses of a antiquated Native American community. Her undergraduate work in archaeology and biology was at the University of Virginia. Stone’s interdisciplinary work in Arizona State University’s College of Impartial Arts and Sciences primarily focuses on anthropological genetics - applying genetics to questions concerning the origins, population history and evolution of humans and the skilful apes. Her research has been featured on the covers of Attributes (April 13, 2006) and Genome Analysis (Nov. 2, 2008), and in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS, May 23, 2006).
Source:Jodi Guyot
Arizona State University
If there’s a new or soon-to-be-new jocular mater in your life, there’s no better gift to give than the Exergen TemporalScanner™, a battery-operated infrared thermometer that is transforming the way parents with temperature–without resorting to rectal thermometers or waking sleeping infants. The Exergen TemporalScanner gives a temperature reading with exactness comparable to a rectal thermometer, but is so gentle, on the level sleeping babies won’t be awakened. An easy, two-second “swipe” across the forehead is the only action needed to measure temperature.
With two dozen studies attesting to its correctness and reliability, almost 30 percent of hospitals and physicians are currently using the Exergen TemporalScanner and recommending it to their patients. “We use it [the professional version in our practice because it’s gentle on our patients yet offers the exactness we be in want of,” says Dr. Kenneth Cohen, a pediatrician based in Pembroke Pines, Florida. “The Exergen TemporalScanner is easy to use, durable and precise. I commend it to all our patients.”
The world’s first and only civil artery thermometer now measures more than 300 million temperatures a year. The Exergen TemporalScanner has a manufacturer’s suggested retail bounty of $49.99 and is available at Wal-Mart, Walgreens, Costco, Babies R Us, Toys R Us and Sam’s Clubs around the country.
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Exergen Corporation is an internationally respected innovator and leading manufacturer of an extensive line of patented infrared thermometers, scanners, sensors and controls used in a wide category of industrial and medical applications for mistress and consumer permission. Founded by Harvard research scientist Francesco Pompei, Ph.D. nearly three decades ago in Boston, MA, the company continues to tip the way in its field by providing greatly accurate results, with less invasiveness, greater comfort, and lower cost, and than with any other thermometry methods. The Exergen TemporalScanner is the but thermometer of any kind made in the U.S.A.
http://www.temporalscanner.com
Concerns close by terrorist activity have created the dire instead of early warning systems that hurriedly and accurately spot hazardous substances in ring false, food and air. Chemical weapons (CW) agents, which can be used against civilian populations, are among the threats. Efforts are underway to develop like the clappers of hell and portable technology as a remedy for detecting CW agents dispersed by terrorists.
Jack Syage and colleagues at Syagen Technology, Inc., in Tustin, Calif., are reporting expansion of a new screening technology for CW agents. In a report scheduled in spite of the May issue of Analytical Chemistry, they describe use of the technology (photoionization mass spectrometry) to feel VX, GA, GB, HN1 and other CW agents.
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With the standard existing method allowing for regarding detecting CW agents (gas chromatography/mass spectrometry), it takes upwards of complete hour to probe each sample. That is too unwilling to test the large swarm of samples that are needed to conduct perpetual screening against criminal incidents.
Syagen’s screening technology can detect a wide register of CW and other hazardous substances in about 45 seconds. The researchers envisage it as the basis championing a routine, corporeal-time early warning system because of CW agents and other dicky compounds in air and hose.
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Article adapted by Medical News Today from genuine press release.
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The American Chemical Friendship (ACS) Dope Service Press Incorporate is your access hint in spite of discoveries in fields ranging from astronomy to zoology. Those topics - with an emphasis on medicine, health and the environment - are reported in the 34 journals of the American Chemical Mankind. With 158,000 members, ACS is the world’s largest precise organization. Chemistry is the principles that transforms lives, and these news alerts are from the unrivalled edge of that science at ACS headquarters.
This information is intended benefit of your personal take in despatch conclave and reporting and should not be distributed to others. Anyone using advance ACS News Service Weekly Press Unite gen as a service to stocks or securities dealing may be guilty of insider trading under the federal Securities Quid pro quo Stance of 1934.
Contact: Michael Woods
m_woods@acs.org
American Chemical Society
The National Institute in the interest of Vigorousness and Clinical Prominence (NICE) has issued its Appraisal Consultation Particularize (ACD) for Nexavar® (sorafenib) in search the treatment of advanced liver cancer. The - PLEASANTLY appraisal consultation verify does not suggest the use of sorafenib for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC - a archetype of liver cancer). The recommendations are exordium and open for consultation. This decision directly conflicts with flow UK and Global guidelines benefit of recommended treatment of HCC.
HCC is the most common form of liver cancer accounting for 80-90 percent of all pre-eminent liver tumours.1 The incidence of liver cancer is increasing in the UK, with over 3,100 unexplored cases diagnosed in 2005.2 Liver cancer causes more than 3,000 deaths every year in the UK.3
“Recently the Hepatocellular UK Group (HUG) - doctors who specialise in treatment of HCC - launched guidelines for the governance of suspected HCC in adults. These guidelines without doubt state that sorafenib is the staple of anguish for patients with advanced HCC for whom no quiescent curative option is available. Patients with advanced HCC should be able to access the latest specialised medicines via the NHS. This enables physicians to provide the best possible care throughout patients and allow as good a quality of life as possible at such an important time.” said Dr. Graeme Poston, on behalf of the Hepatocellular UK Group (HUG), President-Pick of the Combine of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons (AUGIS) and former President of the British Association of Surgical Oncologists (BASO).
Nicole Farmer, Province Unit Deeply of Bayer Schering Pharma Oncology in the UK said “Bayer Schering Pharma is gravely disheartened by this latest WORTHWHILE announcement. Nexavar is the first systemic analysis to show a survival advantage against patients with advanced HCC, the most common serve as of direct liver cancer1. Nexavar is proven to proffer overall survival by 44 percent compared to best bib supportive care alone4, as soberly as maintain value of sparkle.”
”It has taken NICE 18 months to review Nexavar for the treatment of advanced liver cancer. In that once upon a time, many patients have been fighting for access to Nexavar with the hope FASTIDIOUS would fund the solely systemic therapy proven to outstretch overall survival. The constantly it has taken to reading Nexavar in advanced liver cancer, and the decision to not subscribe to it, plainly undermine the government’s own cancer scheme particularly for a cancer in behalf of which the mortality is increasing. This is a major blow for the treatment of UK HCC patients who at one’s desire be denied access to the only effective systemic treatment available for their fit out, a treatment that is instanter available to patients in other European countries.”
The consultation period for this ACD closes on 29th May 2009 with a second appraisal body meeting scheduled for 11th June 2009.
References:
1. Wilson JF. “Liver Cancer on the Rise.” Ann Int Med, 2005; 142(12):1029-32.
2. Cancer Research UK Liver Cancer (Increasing incidence) http://info.cancerresearchuk.org/cancerstats/types/liver/incidence/ Accessed 1 May 2009.
3. Cancer Research UK Liver Cancer (Mortality rate) Statistics.http://info.cancerresearchuk.org/cancerstats/types/liver/mortality/ Accessed 1 May 2009.
4. Sorafenib in advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J. Llovet, S. Ricci, V. Mazzaferro, P. Hilgard, J. Raoul, S. Zeuzem, M. Poulin-Costello, M. Moscovici, D. Voliotis, J. Bruix, For the SHARP Investigators Study Group. N Eng J Med 2008;359:378-90
5. Nexavar (sorafenib) Summary of Product Characteristics, Bayer HealthCare AG, 2007.
6. Liu, L, Y. Cao, et al. Cancer Res, 2006; 66(24):11851-8
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Source
Bayer Schering Pharma
View medicine information on Nexavar.
Phosphagenics
Meagre (”Phosphagenics”) (ASX: POH; AIM: PSG; OTCQX: PPGNY)
announced the initiation of a human clinical trial for its lead
dermatological output, retinoic acid, a fabric of vitamin A. This trial
represents the Company’s first clinical trial to do c include state in the U.S. and
denotes the commencement of the Company’s planned expansion into targeted,
non-systemic delivery of drugs.
This trial follows a number of pre-clinical studies that demonstrated
both an increase in dermal absorption of retinoic acid when formulated with
Phosphagenics’ proprietary drug delivery platform (TPM), and a significant
reduction in irritation scores. The clinical grief is a double blinded
study that will incriminate 90 subjects and is being conducted at Broomall,
PA-based cyberDERM Inc., a contract research organization focused on
developing and refining innovative bio-instrumental and computerized
methods fitting for non-invasive review of rind construct, its functions and
effects of up to date treatments. This trial is expected to be completed by
the extreme of the second shelter, 2008.
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According to the American Journal of Dermatology, retinoic acid is
prescribed most often as the topical treatment of choice for acne. However,
it is poorly soluble, is associated with irritation and dryness of the skin
and, in some cases, can cause liver damage when numerous amounts enter
the systemic occasion. Irritation, though, is the most worn out adverse
at bottom and is observed in close to 90% of users. Additionally,
according to The American Dermatological Association Inc., half of the
patients who end their retinoic acid treatment cycle prematurely do so
because of irritation. Consequently, practitioners are often loath to
exact retinoic acid in capacious quantities and, typically, marketed
formulations confine between only 0.025% and 0.1% of the active, which
often serves to dilute the effectiveness of retinoic acid. In spite of this,
the U.S. market for topical prescription retinoids, such as retinoic acid,
fitting for acne treatment exceeds US$300 million annually.
“A trendy formulation with the ability to deliver greater absorption of
retinoic acid, reduce irritation and dryness and limit systemic episode
would significantly increase practitioners’ flexibility in prescribing the
product,” said Harry Rosen, President & CEO of Phosphagenics. “It would
allow physicians to prescribe greater doses of retinoic acid and/or
justify e la mode dosing while achieving improved efficacy and substantially
limiting adverse effects. Such a product would be experiencing the possible to expand
the up to date make available, and would conceivable nab a significant proportion of
the existing Stock Exchange.
“In our previously completed pre-clinical studies, we were able to
dependably rally an increase in retinoic acid delivered, a
reduction in irritation scores, as well as limit the parturition of retinoic
acid into the systemic affair, which is high-ranking because of its side
effects. Our purpose is to replicate these results in our benevolent affliction and
broadcast a safer, more effective acne treatment to consumers as post-haste as
viable.”
In addition to retinoic acid, Phosphagenics is developing a number of
other result candidates utilizing its targeted, non-systemic delivery
technology, including multiple anti-inflammatory and analgesic compounds.
About Phosphagenics Limited
Phosphagenics is a Melbourne-based, globally driven biotechnology
company focused on the uncovering of new and cost effective ways to enhance
the bioavailability, labour, sanctuary and delivery of proven pharmaceutical
and nutraceutical products.
Phosphagenics’ core technology is built on all sides the subject and
petition of phosphorylation, a process where the summation of a phosphate
group has been found to enhance the bioavailability, activity and safety of
existing pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals, as well as to benefit in the
manufacturing of cure-all delivery platforms.
Phosphagenics’ shares are listed on the Australian Merchandise Securities exchange (POH)
and the London Stock Exchange’s Alternative Investment Exchange (PSG). An ADR
- Level 1 program was established in the U.S. with The Bank of New York
Mellon (PPGNY) for U.S. investors to trade in Phosphagenics’ stock on the
‘over-the-counter’ demand. In July 2007, this was upgraded to the
Cosmopolitan OTCQX, a stylish premium market tier in the U.S. since
international exchange-listed companies, operated by Pink Sheets, LLC.
For more gen, please stop Phosphagenics’ web situate at
http://www.phosphagenics.com
Safe Harbor Affirmation
This press release contains disrespectful-looking statements based on modish
expectations of future events. If underlying assumptions prove unsound
or unknown risks or uncertainties materialise, actual results could vary
seriously from the Phosphagenics’ expectations and projections. Risks and
uncertainties group comprehensive industry conditions and event; economic
conditions, such as interest rate and currency exchange take to task fluctuations;
technological advances and patents attained by competitors; challenges
inherent in new product development, including obtaining regulatory
approvals; domestic and foreign haleness care reforms and governmental laws
and regulations.
Phosphagenics Limited
http://www.phosphagenics.com
Amnesty Worldwide welcomes the statement of the Spokesperson of the Romanian Government published on the government’s Internet site on 4 May 2004, in reaction to the Romania: Memorandum to the ministry relating to inpatient psychiatric treatment (AI Directory EUR 39/003/2004) published on the same light of day.
At the but time the organization regrets that the oversight has failed to take this time to fully acknowledge the crisis in mental health mindfulness services, one of the most tragic human rights issues facing Romania today. Amnesty International also regrets the government’s failure to enrol in a constructive meeting with the organization and the Romanian civil society, as a first procedure to remedying the picture.
In the last 15 years, successive Romanian governments failed to salute the severity of the situation in mental condition care services and to bring in the required sweeping and effective reforms.
Without recognizing the true dimensions and all aspects of the problem it is impossible to expect that a tragic predicament which concerns thousands of man beings held in psychiatric institutions in deplorable conditions is addressed urgently and correctly and in straight with all of Romania’s obligations less than intercontinental human rights treaties.
The administration is not absolutely in violation of international and house-broken law. In meet up with of the human suffering which takes place in these institutions, recognized by most Romanians who are well alert to about this situation, the morality of a location that denies Aristotelianism entelechy is highly shady.
Amnesty International would also like to respond to specific points raised in the government’s press release. The reply notes that currently Romania is unfit to provide mental health services which are predilection those available in the West. Nevertheless, the Romanian authorities, according to the announcement, induce taken required measures to insure the respect of basic rights and primitive needs of people who had been subjected to in-stoical psychiatric treatment.
In light of numerous violations documented in our memorandum, based in the first instance on information unruffled in the contestants by Amnesty International’s delegate, the organizing would appreciate to receive specific information regarding the unaffected by-mentioned command measures.
We would distinctively like to receive information on existing standards regarding living conditions, diet, heating and hygiene, which are in exact throughout institutions at the beck the control of the Clericals of Health; as well as information about institutional methods to ensure that such standards are complied with in all facilities providing inpatient services.
It is also alleged that not all of the information presented in Amnesty International’s memorandum is loyal, giving as an example the information that representatives of the Ministry of Health and public prosecutors periodically visit medical facilities, including those where patients are subjected to uncontrolled psychiatric treatment.
No statement to the different was made in Amnesty International’s memorandum. In fact, the message did not specifically point to on the government’s obligation to supervise psychiatric hospitals. This is an moment then to put on record Amnesty International’s observation regarding this point: the organization’s field research established that the government’s supervision of the psychiatric hospitals is scant and in fissure of international standards(1).
For example, in a number of instances, hospital directors were unable to draw for Amnesty International’s agent copies of reports of any recent inspection visits. Without a doubt, such documents would arise following an inspection by the Ministry’s representatives, and would contain their observations, any recommendations made and guidance on terms and methods of their implementation.
Furthermore, Amnesty International is troubled to note in the Government’s statement that the inspections, so far, demand not brought to light any irregularities with believe to be to the disposition of people for involuntary psychiatric treatment and that a slant of patients’ rights is prominently posted in the visited facilities.
Such lists were not observed in locked words visited by Amnesty International’s delegate where interviewed patients had been subjected to treatment without being given the opportunity to effectively invite this decision as provided in the Disturbed Vigour Act(2). In addition, Amnesty International is aware of the public prosecutor’s duty to periodically visit hospitals which care someone is concerned people who are deemed criminally irresponsible under the provisions of the Penal Code.
In that respect it is engaging to note that a senior prosecutor who participated in a moot concerning conditions in psychiatric hospitals organized in Bucharest in belated March 2004 by the Accumulation for Social Dialogue, reportedly stated that the living conditions in Poiana Mare were considerably worse than in any correctional institution and that appointment destined for unintentional treatment in this hospital amounts to “being sentenced to death”.
The government’s statement also challenges Amnesty International’s observation that the Mental Form Portray is not being implemented because the rule had failed to adopt regulations for its implementation.
Little short of all of the directors of the hospitals visited and medical and legal specialists who had been consulted in Romania by Amnesty International’s name, including a colleague of the team of experts who participated in the drafting of the law, stated unequivocally that the Act is not directly suitable.
An shut-out, as stated in Amnesty International’s minute, was on the contrary noted in a nursing home in Bihor county but this stab, although spring-intentioned, did not appear to provide all the required authorized safeguards to the patients active.
Amnesty Supranational would accept to suffer intricate information forth the uninterrupted implementation of the law and sui generis instances in which decisions arrange been challenged before judicial bodies, noting that any such practice may however be sporadic and inconsistently applied. The very fact that this is not a preparation that is systematically ensured completely the country indicates its arbitrary nature and is in violation of worldwide law.
With gauge to the so-called “social cases” - people who had been placed in psychiatric hospitals on non-medical grounds, including those who had formerly been cared for in children’s institutions - the government’s account claims that such cases are not numerous and result from the spot which prevailed in the rural area before the changes in 1989.
Amnesty International would like to receive more information from the Romanian government with reference to the main ingredient for this assessment of the situation. On 5 May 2004, a era following the publication of the Government’s allegation, the Federal Secretary in the Ministry of Condition, according to a report published the same day by BBC-Romanian Service, could not provide journalists at a press conference with any figures concerning the figure up of people who are held in psychiatric hospitals on non-medical grounds.
However, he gave an criterion of the psychiatric hospital in Jebel where 60 residents, out of a amount to of 414, were “social cases”. In one of the hospitals visited by Amnesty International’s representative, according to the director, 40-50 residents, none of whom scarcity psychiatric treatment, out of a downright of 450 in this institution, had been transferred there from a near-by orphanage. In the medical-collective nave of the Nucet Psychiatric convalescent home which has to 95 residents, most of whom had previously been in orphanages, in February 2004, when Amnesty International’s transfer visited the hospital, the latest resident from an orphanage had arrived on 1 December 2003.
Amnesty International is concerned to note that the Government considers its genre of the state of affairs in “Socola” Psychiatric University Hospital in Iasi as erroneous. In support of this claim it is celebrated that “the management of this hospital had confirmed that Amnesty International’s experts did not visit this facility in May 2003″. Furthermore, the government stated that the registry of received funds by the hospital in the indicated duration showed that the hospital was not in a baffling situation and that its activities were carried exposed in normal conditions.
In the organization’s memorandum there is a indisputable designation of institutions visited by its characteristic as pleasing as the date of the visits. Amnesty International has made no rights to have visited the hospital in Iasi and had described its situation based on a report in a patriotic always newspaper. This information, to our most successfully knowledge, had not been refuted at the temporarily by the asylum or other authorities involved (4). In the gen the same article quoted Dr Stefan Georgescu, Chief of Iasi Directorate for Public Health, who reportedly stated: “Because of the debts that be found in the scheme “Socola” polyclinic has problems in obtaining supplies. Psychiatry is cross one’s heart and hope to die underfunded. For admonition, Intensive Care Group therapy is allocated several million lei per day while for a bed in psychiatry we receive solitary 300.000 lei. We cannot manage on such modest sums.”(5)
The government statement further notes that the budget of the Ministry of Healthfulness provides not only for conventional therapies but also since other appropriate therapies.
Amnesty International has noted the inadequacy of some forms of therapy, such as pharmacotherapy, and the absence of a wide file of other therapies in rationally all of the institutions visited. We would be interested to endure specific dope regarding the volume of such funds and its exacting allocation to psychiatric hospitals in 2003. The constitution is concerned that the Command is in the absence of to acknowledge what every psychiatrist who had been interviewed by Amnesty International’s delegate had stated: that allocated resources even for pharmacotherapy were grossly insufficient and that they feared further cuts. Some doctors were forced to attend to collecting donations from the staff in tranquillity to toe-hold the required medication, while others relied on gifts and aid from their foreign colleagues.
Similarly, Amnesty International’s findings do not correspond with the government’s observations regarding methods of restraint and private or that patients are provided with all the information in appropriate circumstances to be able to annoy their right to free and informed consent.
Ultimately, with regard to the cases described in the memorandum, concerning patients who died following an assault by another patient, Amnesty International concurred with the observations of competent authorities which issued statements at the time that understaffing was a principal contributing factor to the reported tragic events.
Amnesty Ecumenical welcomes the government’s statement that it will thoroughly investigate the violations of human rights described in the organization’s memorandum. We also meet a assertion of 5 May 2004 by the Ministry of Salubrity as a absolute firstly raise to develop the situation in psychiatric facilities suited for which it is responsible. At the same time, Amnesty International would like to recap its appeal to the Romanian government to fully implement all the recommendations made in the organization’s memorandum.
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(1) See Principle 22 of the UN Principles for the Protection of Persons with Mental Disorder and the Improvement of Outlook Health Be responsible for which states that: “States shall ensure that appropriate mechanisms are in extort to endorse compliance with the at this point in time the time being principles, as a service to the inspection of mental health facilities, for the submission, inquiry and resolution of complaints and in requital for the institution of appropriate disciplinary or distinguishing proceedings for professional misconduct or violation of the rights of a patient”.
(2) A slant of patients’ rights was observed in an open pavilion in Gataia convalescent home.
(3) See Ziua: “Psihiatrii condamna statul pentru drama de la Poiana Mare” 4(”Psychiatrists condemn the express for the play in Poiana Mare”) 1 April 2004.
(4) See Evenimentul zilei: “Jale in spitale” (Misery in hospitals), 12 May 2003.
(5) “Din cauza datoriilor care exista in sistem, la Spitalul Socola s-au inregistrat unele necazuri in aprovizionare. In psihiatrie, exista o puternica subfinantare. De exemplu, daca pentru Terapie Intensiva se aloca si citeva milioane de lei pe zi, pentru un pat la psihiatrie se dau doar 300.000 de lei. Sumele sint la un nivel de modestie cit sa ne descurcam”, a declarat seful Directiei de Sanatate Publica Iasi, Dr. Stefan Georgescu.
Why the same sweaty man smells pleasant to joined person and repellant to another comes down to the smeller’s genes.
Duke University Medical Center researchers demonstrated that genetic variants of odor receptors within the nose determine how a particular odor is perceived. The researchers, led by Duke’s Hiroaki Matsunami, Ph.D., assistant professor of molecular genetics and microbiology, published the results of their experiments early online Sept. 16 in the journal Nature.
The researchers focused on two chemicals – androstenone and androstadienone – that are created naturally by the body during the breakdown of the male sex hormone testosterone and are excreted in sweat and urine.
“We found that genetic variations of a specific odor receptor determine, to a significant degree, why the same chemicals smell pleasant or unpleasant to different people,� Matsunami said. “These results demonstrate the first link between the functioning of a human odor receptor gene and how that odor is perceived.�
Humans have about 400 odor receptors within the nose that detect various odors or chemicals. Smells typically bind to their corresponding receptors, and the information is then relayed to the brain for processing.
The researchers wanted to uncover the reasons why people react differently when they smell these two sex steroid-derived chemicals. Hanyi Zhuang, a student in the Matsunami laboratory, tested all the known smell receptors in the laboratory and found one that reacted strongly with the two chemicals.
In conjunction with their collaborators at Rockefeller University, the researchers asked 391 volunteers to inhale the two chemicals and describe what they smelled. The results ranged from no smell at all, to descriptions such as “vanilla and sweetâ€? and “sickening and urine.â€? DNA extracted from blood samples from each volunteer were sent to Matsunami’s laboratory.
“After performing genetic analysis on each of the samples and correlating the results with the smell descriptions, we were able to link specific genetic variants with specific perceptions,â€? Matsunami said. “While many theories of the different perceptions of smell focus on culture, experience or memory, our results show that an important portion of this variability is due to an individual’s genes.â€?
Matsunami added that these results will likely add to the debate over the existence of pheromones in humans. Pheromones are chemical signals between animals that express alarm, mating and navigation cues. In other species, they’ve been found to trigger behavioral changes in the smeller.
“The sex-steroid odors that we tested in humans act as pheromones in pigs, and there has been debate whether these same chemicals act similarly in humans,� Matsunami said. “There is evidence that smelling these odors can affect the mood and physiological state of both men and women.�
Matsunami and his colleagues plan further studies to understand how smelling these chemicals might affect human social and sexual behavior.
He added that there are likely other receptors and receptor variants that may also play roles in how these two chemicals are perceived. Since it is known that there are about 400 specific smell receptors and humans can detect more than 10,000 different odors, it follows that different combinations of receptor genes and variants must be involved in perceiving each odor, he said.
http://www.dukemednews.org/
Doctors, nurses and charities in the UK organize renewed demands for a total ban on smoking in public places, and are word to the wise that administration plans to allow smoking in some pubs would increase vigorousness inequalities.
The demands come at the end of the consultation period on proposed legislation that would partially ban smoking in public places, exempting pubs that do not serve food.
Apparently a study by Cancer Research UK and Action on Smoking and Health, has found that many publicans, especially those in poorer areas, will stop serving food to get around the proposed legislation.
The charities say the survey of 1,250 bar managers has provided “final evidence” that the exemptions should be dropped.
Professor Alex Markham, Cancer Research’s chief executive, says their survey provides strong evidence that a partial smokefree law would widen the health gap between rich and poor.
Nurses leaders are also calling for a total smoking ban which they say will save up to 30 people a day from the fatal effects of passive smoking.
As many as 5,000 nurses and RCN supporters have petitioned Ms Hewitt for a total ban, and the Royal College of Nursing (RCN) has urged the health secretary, Patricia Hewitt, to take immediate action to ban smoking in all enclosed public places.
Dr Beverly Malone, the RCN general secretary, has criticised the government’s plans to exempt pubs that do not serve food as “nonsensical”, and cites a British Medical Journal study which has found that second-hand smoke kills 11,000 people a year in the UK.
She says whether a pub serves food or not is irrelevant, the issue is about having no choice about breathing in the smoke of others and the devastating effects of passive smoking on health.
The Trade Union Congress has also warned ministers that anything other than a total ban would threaten the lives of hundreds of workers, and says the proposed exemptions to the ban would cause confusion.
General secretary, Brendan Barber, has urged the government to reject the drinks and hospitality industry’s proposal for smoking areas in all pubs, as this would leave workers and the non-smoking public at risk.
Meanwhile, to add to the furore, the government has published research which shows that 60% of smokers fail to ask permission from non-smokers before lighting up, despite the well-known risks of passive smoking.
The survey found that 21% of non-smokers still did not feel comfortable asking somebody not to smoke near them, even though exposure to passive smoking increases the risk of lung cancer by 24% and heart disease by 25%.
The NHS has also launched a new advertising campaign to remind smokers of the dangers of second-hand smoke, but doctors say the campaign illustrates the double standards of the government.
According to experts such as Dr Vivienne Nathanson, head of science and ethics at the British Medical Association, if the government is aware of the hazards, it cannot defend only a partial ban on smoking in public places.
In the United States, it appear that alien children are less
physically active and less likely to play sports than children born in
the Allied States, according to a report released on August 4, 2008 in
the Archives of
Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, one of the
JAMA/Archives journals.
This is of terrific interest in light of the growing obesity pestilence in
the US, which has extended to children as well as adults, and increases
the risk of many complications including diabetes mellitus.
 ”Because
of a dramaturgical growing in the control of childhood obesity and
diabetes mellitus during the former times two decades, physical activity has
assumed an increasingly prominent responsibility in murrain prevention and trim
promotion efforts in the Joint States and is considered one of the 10
leading robustness indicators for the domain,” state the authors in the
background news. As a result, the physical vocation habits of
children and adults in the U.S. have been increasingly monitored in an
venture to undderstand this miracle.
Additionally, immigrants entertain again been and continue to be a strong
part of American learning, with 12.6% of the inhabitants Non-Standard now. As a
result it is important to gauge how they as a group are involved in
this plague. The authors create: “it is prominent to conscious how patterns
of
physical venture, inactivity and seated behaviors fitted this
increasing wedge of the population differ from those of the seniority
native population.”
To look into this issue, Gopal K. Singh, Ph.D., of
the Health Resources and Services Charge, U.S. Hinge on of
Trim and Beneficent Services, Rockville, M.D. and colleagues examined the
2003 Chauvinistic Survey of Children’s Health, a evidence set obtained by
horn survey which measures regular physical activity, inactivity,
television viewing, and sports participation in children. This study
also noted nativity versus immigrant rank.
In the analysis the researchers initiate that more than 11% of U.S.
children were physically inactive, while verging on 74% performed some
physical energy three or more days per week. More than 42% did not
participate in sports, and 17% watched 3 or more hours of TV
each light of day.
The authors did observe some diversity in the physical activity habits
of children in certain ethnic-immigrant groups. They make out: “For
example, 22.5
percent of immigrant Hispanic children were physically passive
compared with 9.5 percent of U.S.-born white children with U.S.-born
parents.” Children who had immigrated were more favoured to be physically
inactive and less right to participate in sports — but they also
ordinarily watched less idiot box, with some narrowing as children
became more culturally acclimated.
In conclusion, the authors forecast a worsening prediction for migrant
children: “Given the health benefits of
physical activity, continued higher fleshly inactivity and lower
interest levels in alien children are tenable to reduce their
overall constitution advantage over U.S.-born populations during adulthood.”
They carry on with, vocation for action, saying, “To depreciate disparities in
teens physical
activity, healthiness education programs designed to promote material
activity should target not simply children from socially disadvantaged
households and neighborhoods but also children in immigrant families.”
High Levels of Physical Inactivity and Sedentary Behaviors
Among US Immigrant Children and Adolescents
Gopal K. Singh, PhD; Stella M. Yu, ScD, MPH; Mohammad Siahpush, PhD;
Michael D. Kogan, PhD
Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2008;162(8):756-763.
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Written by Anna Sophia McKenney
Copyright: Medical News Today
Not to be reproduced without permission of Medical Message Today
Scientists at the University of Liverpool have found how two molecules wage war with in the blood to control the spread of cancer cells.
Researchers discovered that a large protein, which forms a protective shield around cancer cells and prevents them from causing secondary tumours, is attacked by a small protein that exists in the blood.
In diseases such as breast, lung and colorectal cancer, infected cells lose growth control and eventually form tumours at these sites. If caught early these tumours can be effectively removed surgically. However, when the cancer cells have invaded the blood, the effectiveness of surgery is reduced.
Cancerous cells that have entered the blood, however, are still prevented from causing further disease by the protective shield of a protein called MUC1 in which the cancerous cells are eventually destroyed by our immune system. Scientists have now discovered how this protective shield is broken down, allowing cancer to spread throughout the body.
Dr Lu-Gang Yu, from the University’s School of Clinical Sciences, explains: “MUC1 on the cell surface prevents the cancer cells from attaching to the blood vessel wall which causes secondary tumours. We have discovered that a small protein called galectin-3, attacks MUC1 and breaks up its protective shield, forcing large areas of the cancer cell to become exposed. The exposed areas of the cell allow the cancer to attach to the blood vessel wall. The cancer cells then eventually penetrate the blood wall to form tumours at secondary sites.
“The attachment of cancer cells to the blood vessel wall is one of the key steps in the spread of cancer. It has been known for a few years that galectin-3 concentration is significantly higher in the blood of cancer patients than in healthy people but until now scientists did not know whether this increase played any role in the spread of cancer. Our study indicates that galectin-3 may play a critical role and may have significant implications for future developments of drugs for the treatment of the disease.”
Dr Yu’s work is published in the Journal of Biological Chemistry.
http://www.liv.ac.uk
Eric Gilbert